Loader-Backhoe Training

An overview of ETR's Tractor-Loader-Backhoe
training materials

Equipment Training Resources Tractor-Loader-Backhoe training materials include our industry standard training text, and our two-part safety and training videos:

Loader-Backhoe Training Book - REVISED EDITION!

The world's most widely used training text for the TLB just got better!

NOW INCLUDES:

Specific new information on the One Call system and its limitations
Expanded utility chapter includes operator guide to avoiding utility damage
Detailed examination of the “physics of operation” covering never before published information
Question and answer examination for each chapter
More in-depth study of machine control
Expanded safety chapter
Over 300 pages
Over 300 photos and illustrations

Operating Techniques For The Tractor-Loader-Backhoe explains in easy-to-understand terms how to get the maximum productivity from this highly versatile machine.

Now Available in Spanish!
¡Nueva Edición Española!

First published in 1983
Currently used by dozens
of training programs
Adopted by the IUOE,
for apprenticeship training
in 1996

Loader-Backhoe Safety Videos

Loader-Backhoe Safety Videos provide a comprehensive safety framework for loader-backhoe operations.

Both are highly recommended, and will pay for themselves over and over in increased productivity, decreased machine wear, and safer workers.

Here's what our customers think of our videos:
	"Your video is one of the best that we have used. Your low price and satisfaction guarantee, we couldn't go wrong." - Pete M., Delhi County of Public Works, NY.
	"The best commercial safety tapes we've seen." - Don B., New Mexico Hwy. Dept.
	"Practical and easy to understand. The graphics were well done." - Ken L., Virginia American Water.
	"Very good videos - easy to understand." - Jim C., San Luis Valley Rural Electric.
	"Good, clear tapes, very informative for safety training." - Bill G., General Chemical Corp.
	"Excellence with both tapes" - Les B., Montana Power Company.
	"Very good presentation." - William H., Washington Sub Sanitary Comm.
	"I thought the videos were thorough in their coverage of the material discussed." - Rick S., Georgia Dept of Transportation.
	"Computer graphics were excellent." - Jim S., General Building Contractors Assn.
	"Overall the videos were well made. They seemed to hold the attention of the audience." - Joe J., A.E.S. Placerita.
	*"These tapes made the men think about what could and can happen."* - Jim N., Colorado Water Conservancy.
	"We looked at both of your safety videos numerous times with a critical eye and found the tapes to be excellent. Neither of us has driven a backhoe before so we viewed the material from the perspective of novices. The information was presented in a clear enough manner that we had no trouble understanding what it would take to operate a backhoe safely. We were especially impressed by the quality of the graphics and the "staged accidents." - Ron Olitsky, President - Don Evans, Manager Underground Service Alert of Southern California."

Loader-Backhoe Safety Videos

SAFETY FIRST!
…on the machine or on the ground

VIDEO #1: Operator Safety,
deals with loader-backhoe safety and is designed specifically for operators. The tape covers the most common mistakes and accidents involving these machines, as well as loading, transporting, utility dangers and rollover accidents.
(20 min.)

VIDEO #2: Worker Safety, addresses the need for a set of practical guidelines for the many other trades that work with the loader-backhoe on a daily basis. It should be noted that more than half of the injuries and deaths associated with these machines involve laborers and other tradesmen. The tape explains how plumbers, electricians, laborers, and all other tradespeople can work safely with the loader-backhoe.
(20 min.)

Equipment Training Resources' videotapes provide a comprehensive safety framework for loader-backhoe operations. The set of two twenty minute tapes are professionally filmed, and provide usable and easy to follow guidelines for loader-backhoe crews.The videos were designed to teach operators and tradesmen uniform guidelines to most jobsite situations. This framework helps crews develop a team oriented and coordinated approach to safety awareness. Both entertaining and informative, the tape's message is retained by the viewer and put into practice on the job.

2 Tape Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $120.00

Here's what our customers think of our videos:
	"Your video is one of the best that we have used. Your low price and satisfaction guarantee, we couldn't go wrong." - Pete M., Delhi County of Public Works, NY.
	"The best commercial safety tapes we've seen." - Don B., New Mexico Hwy. Dept.
	"Practical and easy to understand. The graphics were well done." - Ken L., Virginia American Water.
	"Very good videos - easy to understand." - Jim C., San Luis Valley Rural Electric.
	"Good, clear tapes, very informative for safety training." - Bill G., General Chemical Corp.
	"Excellence with both tapes" - Les B., Montana Power Company.
	"Very good presentation." - William H., Washington Sub Sanitary Comm.
	"I thought the videos were thorough in their coverage of the material discussed." - Rick S., Georgia Dept of Transportation.
	"Computer graphics were excellent." - Jim S., General Building Contractors Assn.
	"Overall the videos were well made. They seemed to hold the attention of the audience." - Joe J., A.E.S. Placerita.
	*"These tapes made the men think about what could and can happen."* - Jim N., Colorado Water Conservancy.
	"We looked at both of your safety videos numerous times with a critical eye and found the tapes to be excellent. Neither of us has driven a backhoe before so we viewed the material from the perspective of novices. The information was presented in a clear enough manner that we had no trouble understanding what it would take to operate a backhoe safely. We were especially impressed by the quality of the graphics and the "staged accidents." - Ron Olitsky, President - Don Evans, Manager Underground Service Alert of Southern California."

Operating Techniques for the
Tractor-Loader-Backhoe

The world's most widely used training text for the TLB
JUST GOT BETTER!

Official training text of the International Union of Operating Engineers since 1996

Industry standard for TLB training since 1983

Now over 300 photos and illustrations for easy comprehension

Specific new information on the One Call system and its limitations

Expanded utility chapter includes operator guide to avoiding utility damage

Detailed examination of the “physics of operation” covering never before published information

Question and answer examination for each chapter

Used by dozens of Training programs throughout North America

Written by a professional operator, Operating Techniques For The Tractor-Loader-Backhoe explains in easy-to-understand terms how to get the maximum productivity from this highly versatile machine.

The book explains how experienced, veteran operators plan the job before work begins, cutting wasted movement to a minimum. You will learn how to work safely in tight job situations and tackle the really difficult jobs safely and effectively. The revised edition now covers use of the One Call System to prevent costly utility damage.

The book is written in an easy to understand manner and includes over 300 photographs and illustrations, making it easy for the reader to understand the information.

Since 1983, Operating Techniques For The Tractor-Loader-Backhoe has been the standard training source for vocational training schools, utility companies and public works throughout North America.

8-½" x 11"- 270 Pages - $38.00

QUANTITY DISCOUNTS
5-10 Copies= $34.20 ea.
11-20 Copies = $30.40 ea.
21-30 Copies = $26.60 ea.
31-40 Copies = $22.80 ea.
41 or more Copies = $19.00 ea.

Revised Edition
Released August, '99

Operating Techniques for the Tractor-Loader-Backhoe


	Table of Contents
Chapter 1.	TLB Dimensions 1
	General 1
	Weight Distribution 2
	Bulldozer 3
	Skiploader 3
	TLB 3
	Universal Forces and Principles 4
	Weight 5
	Motion 5
	Work Motion Cycle 5
	Momentum 6
	Pitch of Slope 7
	General Slope Information 8
	Percent 8
	Ratio 8
	Degrees 9
	Ratio 9
	Percent 9
	Downhill Force – Force Down the Plane 10
	Traction 11
	Friction 12
	Center of Gravity 13
	Important Factors Relating to Center of Gravity 18
	Weight of Materials and COG 20
	Effect of Slopes on COG 21
	Altering Dimensions 21
	Truck Loading 23
	Attachments 24
	COG Wrapup 25
	Summary 25
	Questions – Chapter 1 TLB Dimensions 26
Chapter 2.	Machine Control 33
	Mental requirements 33
	Physical Requirements 33
	Machine Controls 34
	Machine Response 35
	Dimensions 35
	Mechanical Response 35
	Older Machines 36
	Loader Control 37
	Brakes 37
	Danger Areas 37
	On the Job 39
	Loader Summary 39
	Hydralic Control 40
	Backhoe Control 40
	Backhoe Controls – 4-lever system 40
	Backhoe Controls – 3-lever system with foot swing 41
	Backhoe Controls – 2-lever system with “JD” pattern 42
	Backhoe Controls – 2-lever system, excavator 43
	Practice Exercises 46
	Questions – Chapter 2 Machine Control 48
Chapter 3.	Safety 53
	#1 Accident 53
	Safe Clothing 53
	Seat Belt 54
	Keep Your Machine Clean 54
	Safety Systems 54
	Lock-out Safety Devices 55
	Parking Safety 55
	Worker Safety 55
	General TLB Safety 56
	Backhoe Accidents 58
	TLB Accidents 58
	Rollover 59
	Excavations 60
	Excavation Safety 61
	Shoring 62
	Sloping 62
	Spoil Quantities – Shoring vs. Sloping 63
	Transporting Wheeled Machinery 65
	Conclusions 66
	Questions – Chapter 3 Safety 68
Chapter 4.	Maintenance 73
	Operation and Maintenance Manual 73
	Machine Components & Systems 74
	Engine 74
	Oil 75
	Air 75
	Fuel 76
	Pre-Cleaner 76
	Primary Filter 76
	Secondary Filter 76
	Greasing 77
	Warm-Up and Cooldown 79
	Machine Life 79
	Bucket Changing Tips 80
	Questions – Chapter 4 Maintenance 84
Chapter 5.	Utilities 89
	One Call System 90
	The Limitations of the One Call System 92
	The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly 92
	How to Proceed with the Job 93
	The “Four Stages of Alert” 94
	Keys to Pipe Detection 94
	Variables That Determine Pipe Breakage 95
	Investigating Possible Utility Lines 96
	Working Range of the TLB When Locating Utilities 96
	Digging Around Utilities 97
	Questions – Chapter 5 Utilities 101
Chapter 6.	Planning the Job 107
	Placement of Spoil 108
	Layout 108
	Precision Job Layout 109
	Job-Planning Tips 109
	Questions – Chapter 6 Planning the Job 110
Chapter 7.	Set-up 113
	Tripod Setup 115
	The Pivot Method 116
	Precision Set-up 117
	Set-Up Techniques 120
	Conclusion 122
	Questions – Chapter 7 Set-up 123
Chapter 8.	Footings 127
	Precision, Skill, Concentration 127
	Footing Types 127
	Layout 128
	Precision Digging 129
	Elevation Importance and Checking Methods 129
	Laborer Involvement 132
	Checking the Grade 133
	Questions – Chapter 8 Footings 139
Chapter 9.	Job Site Cleanliness
	and Cleanup 143
	Shuttle Operations 144
	Spoil Removal 144
	Importance of Excavation Cleanliness 145
	Cleanup 145
	Questions – Chapter 9 Cleanliness and Cleanup 153
Chapter 10.	Grading and Compaction 157
	Required Skills 157
	Grading Techniques 157
	Loader Grading Techniques 157
	Cutting 159
	Filling 160
	Fine Cutting Techniques for Hard Ground 161
	Finish Grading 163
	Backhoe Grading Techniques 168
	Compaction 171
	Wheel Rolling 172
	Jetting 173
	Compaction Attachments 175
	Questions – Chapter 10 Grading and Compaction 177
Chapter 11.	Backhoe Techniques 181
	Purpose of the Excavation 181
	General Trenching Procedure 182
	Extendable Dipperstick Procedure. 184
	Soft Ground Conditions 186
	Hard Ground Conditions 186
	Stabilizer Usage and Technique 187
	Digging Near a Wall or Fence 188
	Digging Against A Wall 191
	Specialized Job Tasks 192
	Tunneling 192
	Potholing 194
	Cribbing 196
	Cribbing Technique – Railroad Applications 196
	Loading Trucks with the Backhoe 197
	Material Handling 200
	Handling Long Material 200
	Land Clearing Procedures 202
	Clearing Techniques 202
	Stump Removal 204
	How to Dig an Arc 205
	Tooth Grab Method 207
	Crossing Trenches 212
	Connecting Trenches 214
	Questions – Chapter 11 Backhoe Techniques 215
Chapter 12.	Loader Techniques 221
	Principles of Operation 221
	Stability 224
	Filling the Bucket 225
	Soft Material 227
	Hard Material 230
	Loading Trucks 230
	Stockpiling 233
	Ramp Stockpile 233
	Related Techniques 235
	Shuttle Operations 238
	Safety 242
	Related Techniques 242
	Questions – Chapter 12 Loader Techniques 247
Chapter 13.	Demolition 251
	Preparation and Planning 252
	Efficiency of Job Completion 252
	Stockpiling 252
	Material Separation 253
	Backhoe Techniques 253
	Prying Method 254
	Concrete Breaking 255
	Roll-Out Method 255
	Breaking Technique 256
	Positioning Pieces for Breaking 256
	Loading Techniques 257
	Loading with the Backhoe 257
	Picking Up the Pieces 258
	Natural Back-up 259
	Positioning the Bucket 261
	No Back-up Technique 263
	Lifting and Swinging 264
	Loading with the Loader 266
	Questions – Chapter 13 Demolition 271
Appendices
	Appendix A – Natural Gas Dangers 275
	Appendix B – Glossary 277
	Appendix C – Index 280
	Appendix D – Answer Key 285
	ETR Product Guide 297
	ETR Order Form 298

Index: Operating Techniques for the Tractor-Loader-Backhoe

Accident statistics 58-61

Accidents

backhoe 58

excavation 60-61

loader 58-59

rollover 59-60

Aging TLB 36-37

Air intake system, maintenance 75

Air removal, soil compaction 171

Airborne contamination, engine 76

Airports, locating utilities 92

Alignment, precision digging 117-118

Altering dimensions 21, 224

Angle

of bucket edge 158

of grade 159

Arc, digging 205-206

Arc of swing

digging near wall 191

set-up 117

spoil placement 113-114

Area, choosing

stockpiling 252

truck loading 230

Attachments

affects on COG 24

compaction 175

Back-dragging

clean-up 147

demolition 267

fine grading 166-168

ramp building 233

shuttle operations 144, 239

Backfilling

circular grading pattern 243

compaction 163, 172-175

depth of fill 162

dispersal of material 160, 162-163

grading 157, 160

spoil placement 108

Backhoe

accidents 58

as counterweight 2-3

controls 34, 40-46

digging arcs 205-206

dimensions 2

swing pin placement 192

weight distribution 2-3

Backhoe techniques 181

clearing land 202-205

concrete breaking 255-257

connecting trenches 214

demolition 253-270

digging near wall 188-191

grading 168-171

handling long material 200-201

loading trucks 197-199

loading, demolition 257

positioning the bucket 259-260

positioning the piece 259-261

questions 215-220

stabilizer usage 187

swinging the hoe 168, 170-171

Back-up

importance of 257

in demolition 257

loading against 147, 151-152, 225-26

natural 259

no back-up 263

stabilizers as 263

Base of machine 14-15

vertical line 16

zones 15

Bearings 74

Boom 2

Brake adjustment test 38

Brake response 35

Brakes 74

as control mechanism 37

danger areas 37-38

increasing stability with 39

locked or unlocked 38

Braking

poor 36

skills 39

Braking system, independent 37

Breaking concrete 255-257

Breakout force, loader 221

Breaks, gas line 100

Broken utility pipe 97-100

Brush, clearing 202

Bucket

adjustment 259-260

changing 80-82

contact with utilities 95

greasing joints 78

movement in obstacle detection 94-95

requirements of job 107

Bucket, backhoe

changing tips 80-81

cribbing, size 196

heavy duty 254

natural position 80

pins 80

teeth, changing 82

truck loading, size 197

Bucket, loader

corners, contact 226

filling completely 225

level 159

weight 2

Builder's level, using 129, 132

Bulldozer, center of gravity 3

Canopy, safety 57

Caution zone, TLB base 15

Cave-ins

advance warning 62

excavation 60-61

Center of gravity (COG) 13-25

affects of loads 20, 23

affects of slopes 21

contact surfaces 17

defined 13

location and movement 14

machines 2-4

material 200

movement of 19

TLB attachments 24

vertical line 16

weight transfer 16

zones of safety 15

positions illustrated 18

Centerline of hoe, set up 113

Chain set-ups, craning 192-193

Changing buckets 79-80

Chapter questions

1 26-31

2 48-52

3 68-71

4 84-87

5 101-105

6 110-112

7 123-125

8 139-141

9 153-155

10 177-179

11 215-220

12 247-250

13 271-274

Checking elevation 129, 131-132

Chocks for loading 66

Circular grading patterns 243-245

Clean job site, importance of 143-144

Cleaning trench 182

Cleanliness, job site

for safety 184

grading 157

Cleanliness, machine 54

Cleanup, demolition site 269-270

Cleanup methods

back-dragging 144

dirt surfaces 147

paved surfaces 147, 148-150

pile clean-up 147

sod or lawn surfaces 147

Cleanup tips 149

Clearing area for layout 131

Clearing land, backhoe 202-205

Clearing/cleaning stockpiles 145

Clothing, safe 53

Cold weather starts 79

Color codes, utility markings 90-91

Common sense, using 57, 67

Common slope measurements 8-9

Compaction

attachments 175

excess air and water removal 171

jetting 172-174

optimum water content 172

principles of 171

soil types 171

wheel rolling 172-175

Components, weights of 2

Compression, soil 171-172

Concentration, digging 95

Concrete removal

backhoe, loading with 257

breakout force 254

bucket, heavy duty 254

dropping 255

positioning pieces for breaking 256

prying method 254

roll-out method 255

size of pieces 252, 266

striking 255-256

thickness limitations 257

Conduit, kinks in 206-207

Connecting trenches 214

Constant forces 4-5

Contact surfaces and center of gravity 17

Contamination, engine 75

Control

defined 33

grading 158

material handling 200

TLB 4

Controlled digging, pipe detection 95

Controlling engine RPM 41

Controlling the load, demolition 264

Controls

hydraulic 40

TLB 34

Cool-down, engine 79

Cooling system 74, 76

Coordinating trades 108

Cracks, checking for 77

Craning 192-193

Cribbing 196-197

Crossing trenches 116-118, 212-214

Crowd 2

Cut slopes 9

Cut, surface 182

Cutting

angle of bucket 186-187

angle of grade 159

grading 157-158

starting the cut 159-160

Daily maintenance 76

Damage to utilities, responsibility 91

Damage, preventing 255, 257

Danger zone, TLB base 15

Degree of slope 7

Demolition 251-270

backhoe techniques 253-270

concrete 253-263

efficiency 252

loading techniques 258-270

material separation 253

one-step method 252

questions 271-274

site cleanup 269-270

specialized operation 251

stockpiling 252-253

Department of Industrial Relations (CA), accident statistics 58-61

Depth of fill 162

Depth of trench

utility lines 184

measuring 132

Diesel engine requirements 79

Differential 74

Digging

against banks 192

arcs 205-206

around utilities 90, 96-100

controlled 95

motion, learning 46

near a wall 188-191

planning sequence 108

set-up 190

swing 190

trench-type footings 135-137

with offset hoe 190

Dimensions

altering 224

definition 1

know for loading 66

machine response 35

TLB 1-6

Dipperstick, extendable 184-186, 195

Dipping water 47

Direction of fall, tree clearing 203-204

Dirt surfaces, clean-up 147

Dirty fuel 76

Disaster zone, TLB base 15

Dispersing fill material 160, 162-163

Downhill force, defined 10

Drainage slope 8

Dressing slopes 65

Drift pin 80

Driveway grading 168, 170

Driving forces, in traction 222

Ear protection 54

Earth movement, detecting underground utilities 95

Earthmoving 181

Electro-hydraulic controls 43

Elements of stability 13

Elevation, precision digging 129

Engine

contamination 75

maintenance 74-79

response 35

speed, controlling 41-42

warm-up/cool-down 79

Equipment inspection 54

Excavation 181

cleanup 145

compaction 175

footings, pier 128

hazards 60-61

planning 184

precision 117-119

safety 61-62

using hand tools 91

Excavations, locating previous 95

Exercises, backhoe practice 46

Exit route, planning for 127

Extendable dipperstick 184-186

Factors affecting center of gravity 13

Farms, locating utilities 92

Fatalities, TLB 57

Feathering 43, 46

50 percent slope 9

Fill material, dispersing 160, 162-163

Filling

circular grading pattern 243

compaction 163

depth of fill 162

dispersal of material 160, 162-163

grading 157, 160-163

spoil placement 108

Filters, changing 75

Fine cutting techniques 160

Fine grading, trench bottom 182

Finish grading

back-dragging 166-168

backhoe 168-171

technique 164-165, 169

Fittings, greasing 78

Float position, bucket 159, 164, 168

Floating the bucket 46

locating utilities 95

Flow control valves 42

Fluid levels, checking 77

Footings 127

digging 117

pier, set-ups for 120-122

precision digging 130

questions 139-141

trench-type 135-137

undermining 62, 190

Force

downhill 10

momentum 6

Force down the plane 10

Forces

machine made 5-6

man made 6

natural 5

universal 4

Four stages of alert 94

Four-lever control system, backhoe 40, 46

Four-wheel drive TLB 36

Friction

defined 12

overcoming 12

Front loader bucket, tripod set-up 113

Front wheel traction, reduced 39

Front wheels off ground 39

Front-end light situations 39

Fuel-injection system, maintaining 76

Gas line, breaks in 100

Geometry, TLB 186-187

Glasses, safety 57

Grade 7

checking 132-133

Grade checker, hand signals 133

Gradient 7

slope measurements 8

Grading 157-170

backhoe 168-171

cut and fill 157

cutting 159-160

filling 160-163

finish 158, 169

on slopes 157

rough 157-158

skills 157

techniques 157

trench bottom 182

Grading and compaction, questions 177-179

Gravity flow trench 184

Grease cartridges, changing 78

Greasing TLB

changing cartridges 78

intervals 77

tips 79

Grooming

bucket 240

pile 147, 151-152

Gross weight, TLB 2

Ground conditions

affect on traction 222

hard 186-187

risk of cave-ins 61

soft 186

Hammering bucket 80

Hand-dig zone 91

Hand labor

around utilities 96-97

cleaning trench 132-134

Hand signals, grade checker 133

Hand throttle, setting 41

Hard hats 57

Hard material

loader techniques 230

loosening with backhoe 200

Hard soil, cutting 160-161

Heavy-duty bucket 254

Heavy equipment, physics of 4-25

Height, TLB 2

Hinge pin 80

Hoe assembly 2

Hoe-ram

compaction 175

demolition 253

Hoses and fittings, maintenance 76

Hydraulic controls 35, 40

Hydraulic forces, in traction 222

Hydraulic power 6

Hydraulic response 35

Hydraulic system 74

changes in 79

checking fluids in 77, 79

damage 257

warming up 79

Hydraulics

basic principle 40

power 40

valves 40

worn mechanisms 37

Hydro-hammer 253, 257

Industrial parks, locating utilities 92

Injuries

caused by TLB 57

operator 56

Input shafts 74

Inspecting equipment 54

Inspection, daily 77

Jack hammer 253, 257

Jetting 172-174

Job planning 107-109

tips 109

Job site cleanliness 143-144

Job site cleanliness and cleanup, questions 153-155

Joints, greasing 78

Jump-starting machines, dangers 55

Labor, hand 132-134

around utilities 96-97

Land clearing, backhoe 202-205

Large material, loading 268

Lawn surfaces, clean-up 147

Layout

clearing area 131

excavation 107-109

importance of 128-129

Layout lines 129

Leaks, checking for 77

Legal requirements, One Call System 91

Length, TLB 2

Level 8

final grade 184

Leveling the site 158

Lift forces, loader 221

Lifting and swinging, backhoe 264-265

Lifting with no back-up 263

Lifts 171

Linkage pin 80

Load height, affect on stability 224-225

Load stabilization 39

Load weight, in traction 222

Loader

accidents 58-59

driving torque 223

lift 223

principles of operation 221-222

traction 221-222

weight 224

Loader arm service lock 54

Loader assembly, weight 2

Loader controls 34, 37

Loader technique 221-246

back-ups 225-226

corners of bucket 226

demolition 266-268

grading patterns 243

hard material 230

loading trucks 231

questions 247-250

shuttle operations 238-240

soft material 227-229

stockpiling 233

Loading and transporting TLB 65

Loading, preventing damage 231

Loading trucks 23

avoiding damage 199

backhoe techniques 197-199

demolition 258-270

loader techniques 226, 231

patterns 232

pit style 197-198

selecting area 230

weight distribution 231

while digging 197-198

wind considerations 230

Loads, affect on center of gravity 20, 23

Location/movement of center of gravity 14

Locked brakes, dangers 37

Lockout safety devices 55

Long material, handling 200-201

Lubricants 74

Machine

component maintenance 74

mastering total usage 221

preventing abuse 255, 257

Machine control

questions 48-52

mastering 33

Machine life, prolonging 79-80

Machine made forces 5

Machine response 35

poor 36

Machine set-up 113

digging near wall 190

footings 120-122

Machine specifications, operator’s manual 73

Machine systems, maintenance 74

Maintenance, TLB

daily 76

fluid levels 77

greasing 77-79

importance of operator’s manual 73

intervals 73

machine components/systems 74

poor 36-37

results of poor habits 82-83

schedules 74

Maneuverability, increasing 39

Maneuvering, controlled 39-40

Manual, operation and maintenance 73

Manuals, operator 34

Manufacturers' specifications 66

Manufacturing plants, locating utilities 92

Marking

excavation 90, 108

utilities 90-91

Markings, layout 129

Material handling, backhoe 200-201, 207

Material separation, demolition 253

Measurements, slope 8-9

Mechanical response 35

Mental requirements, operator 33

Mobile home parks, locating utilities 92

Momentum

controlling 7

defined 6

Motion

defined 5

work cycle 6

Movement of center of gravity 19

Movement, unwanted 36

Moving earth 181

Natural back-ups 259

Natural physical forces 5

Notification requirements, One Call System 90

Obstacles

detection 95

maneuvering around 46

tilting machine to avoid 188, 190

Offset hoe 190

Oil fill plug, maintaining 75

Oil service 75

Older machines 36-37

One Call Notification Center 90

One Call System 90

limitations 92

required users 91-92

One percent slope 8

One-step method, demolition 252

100 percent slope 9

133 percent slope 9

Open area smoothness 46

Opening hydraulic valves 42-43

Operation and Maintenance manual 73

importance of 34

maintenance schedules in 73

Operational controls/procedures 73

Operator control, tripod set-up 113

Operator fatigue 143-144

Operator skills 33

grading 157

locating utilities 93

TLB 1

Operator’s responsibility 25

cave-in warning 62

damage control 46

grading 158

lifting and swinging 264

material handling 200

safety 56-57, 184

Optimum water content, compaction 172

OSHA regulations 61

Outer casing 74

Output shafts 74

Outriggers 187

Overstressing older machines 37

Parking safety, TLB 55

Pavement breaker, pneumatic 253, 257

Pavement, clean-up 147, 148-150

Percent, slope 8

Permits for transporting 66

Physical forces, natural 5

Physical requirements, operator 33

Physics of weight/motion 5

Physics of heavy equipment 4-25

Pier footings

precision digging 120-122

requirements 128

Pile clean-up 147

Pin removal procedure 81

Pins, bucket 80

Pipe

breakage variables 95

keys to detection 94-95

monitoring positions 96

reporting damage 100

Pit style loading 197-198

Pitch of slope

defined 7

illustrated 9

Pivot method

footings 128

set-up 116-118

Pivot procedure 116

Placement of spoil

avoiding cave-ins 61

planning 107-108

trench sloping 65

Planning the job

demolition 252

excavations 181

questions 110-112

tips 109

Poor maintenance habits 82-83

Position of center of gravity 18

Positioning of weight 2, 5

Potholing 194-195

Power with extendable dipperstick 185

Practice exercises, backhoe 46

Precise excavation 184

Precision

control 46-47

digging, footings 130

layout 108-109

set-up 117-119

Pre-cleaner 75

Pre-operation procedures 77

Preparing work area 145-146

Primary filter 75

Principles, universal 4

Private property, locating utilities 92-93

Procedures, pre-operation 77

Protective guards/panels, machine 54

Public property, locating utilities 92-93

Pulling force, maximum 186

Push-pull method, clearing 203, 205

Questions

Chapter 1 26-31

Chapter 2 48-51

Chapter 3 68-71

Chapter 4 84-87

Chapter 5 101-105

Chapter 6 110-112

Chapter 7 123-125

Chapter 8 139-141

Chapter 9 153-155

Chapter 10 177-179

Chapter 11 215-220

Chapter 12 247-250

Chapter 13 271-274

Radar, shuttle operations 240-241

Railroad applications, cribbing 196

Ramp

loading 66

stockpile 233

Ramp building technique 234

Ratio, slope 8

Reach, extendable dipperstick 184

Reference markers 109

Reinforcing steel, in concrete 163

Requirements, TLB operator 33

Response, machine 35

Responsibility of operator

cave-in warning 62

damage control 46

grading 158

lifting and swinging 264

material handling 200

safety 57, 184

Restrictions to movement 46

Reverse, travel 242

Road grading 242-243

Roll Over Protective Structure (ROPS) 54, 57

Rollover accidents 13, 59-60

RPM

controlling 41

normal operation 42

Rural land, utilities on 92

Safe zone, TLB base 15

Safety

backhoe 58

clean job site 143-144

daily maintenance of TLB 76

gas line breaks 100

general 53-57

measures 184

operator’s manual 73

pitch of slope 7

questions 68-71

TLB 4-5

traveling in reverse 242

tripod set-up 113, 115

understanding center of gravity 13

Safety guidelines

mount and dismount 53

operator 56

TLB operation 56-57

Safety systems, TLB 54

Sanding a trench 246

Schedules, maintenance 73-74

Scope of work, determining 107

Scraping 160

Sealed components 74

Seat belts 54

Secondary filter 75

Service

air intake system 74-75

oil 75

Service lock, loader arm 54

Set-up

digging near wall 190

footings 120-122

moving to next 183

pivot method 116-118

precision 117-119

questions 123-125

sample techniques 120-121

TLB 113-122

tripod 113, 187

truck loading 199

75 percent slope 9

Sewer line installations 195

Sheet flow drainage, slope 8

Shoes, safety 57

Shoring

conditions affecting 62

requirements 61

Shutoff valves, locating 100

Shuttle operations 144

Shuttle operations, loader

bucket volume 240

direction of travel 241

efficiency 239

length of travel 239

obstacles 240-241

radar 240-241

route 239

safety 242

using corners 241

Side-shift hoe 190

Site hazards 57

Skills, operator 1, 33

Skiploader, center of gravity 3

Slope

affects on center of gravity 21

measuring 7-9

negative 188

pitch 7

Slopes

grading 157

ramp 233

stability 224-225

Sloping, trench

inadequate 60-61

procedures 65

ratio 62

safety 184

spoil quantities 63-65

Smooth grade, working on 144

Smooth operation, importance of 40, 42-45

Smoothing slopes 65, 184

Smoothness

exercises for 46-47

open area 46

Sod surfaces, clean-up 147

Soft material, loader techniques 227-229

Soft soil, cutting 160

Soil conditions

contributing to accidents 60

detecting underground utilities 95

ease of work 46

grading 160, 166

hazardous 61

shoring requirements 62

truck loading 197

Soil types, compaction 171

Soils engineer, working with 171

Spoil piles, clearing/cleaning 145

Spoil placement

avoiding cave-ins 61

footings 128

grading 161

planning 107-108, 181

stockpiling 144, 160

trench sloping 65

Spoil quantities, sloping 63-65

Spoil removal 144

trench 182

Spoil transport, using the trench 210-211

Stability

affects of weight transfer 16-18

extendable dipperstick 185

importance of 13

load height 224-225

slope 224-225

tripod set-up 113, 115

Stabilizers

using 187

width 2, 188

Stabilizing TLB 21-22

Stacking method, loading concrete 262

Stages of alert 94

Start-up lockout devices 55

Steering response 36

Stick 2

Stockpiles, clearing/cleaning 145

Stockpiling concrete 252, 266-267

Stockpiling dirt

access 233

back-ups 233, 225-226

condensing 235-238

moving 235-238

procedure 233

ramp 233

spoil 144, 158

Stockpiling spoil, setting up for 113

Stomper 253, 257

Story pole 132

Striking, concrete breaking 255-256

Stump removal, backhoe 204-205

Surface cut 182

Swing drift, TLB 36

Swing pin, placement 192

Swinging the backhoe 168, 170-171

Systems maintenance 74

Teeth, bucket 82

Ten percent gradient slope 9

Testing a load 265

Testing, soil density 171

Thickness limitations, concrete breaking 257

Three-lever control system, backhoe 41

Tie-downs for transporting 66

Tight situations, operating in 39, 46

Tilting the machine 188, 190

Tire pressure 77

traction 222

TLB dimensions, questions 26-31

TLB maintenance, questions 84-87

Tolerance zone, utilities 91

Tooth grab method

backhoe techniques 207-209

clearing land 202

Topsoil, wet 147

Torque 5-6

driving 223

Traction

defined 11

factors affecting 222

increasing 39

loss of 39

needed for 12

Tractor-loader backhoe (TLB)

attachments and center of gravity 24

base of machine 14-15

center of gravity 3

characteristics of older models 36

compacting soil 172-176

components 2

cutting techniques 159-160

dimensions 2-6

downhill forces 11

maintenance 73-83

mastering machine control 33

operator responsibility 25

operator skills 1, 33

parking safety 55

pre-operation procedures 77

prolonging machine life 79-80

safety systems 54

safety tips 56-57

sample set-up techniques 120-121

set-up 113-122

stability 13, 16-17

uses 1

variations in design 36

weight distribution 2-5

working weight 4, 5

Tractor, weight 2

Trades, coordinating with 108

Transmission 74

response 35

Transporting TLB 65

Traveling in reverse 242

Tree clearing

backhoe 202-205

direction of fall 203-204

larger trees 203-204

push-pull method 203, 205

saplings 202

swing 200

wind 203

Trench

compacting 175

connecting 214

crossing 212-214

digging in stages 210-211

moving set-up 183

sanding 246

shoring requirements 62

signs of utilities 95

spoil removal 182

used for spoil transport 210-211

Trench sloping, illustrated 64

Trench-type footings 120-122, 127, 135-137

Trenching procedure 182-183

extendable dipperstick 185

Tripod set-up

advantages 113

backhoe 187

problems 115

Trough, grading 160

Truck damage, avoiding 199, 231

Truck loading 23

avoiding damage 199, 231

backhoe techniques 197-199

demolition 258-270

loader techniques 226-229, 231

patterns 232

pit style 197-197

preventing damage 231

selecting area 230

weight distribution 231

while digging 197-199

wind considerations 230

Tunneling 192-194

20 percent gradient slope 9

Two-lever control system, backhoe 42-43, 46

Two percent slope 8

Two-pin bucket attachment 80

Two-wheel drive TLB 36

Underground utility lines 89-90

broken 97-100

detecting 95

digging around 96-100

problems locating 93

public/private property 92-93

Undermining footings 62, 190

Universal forces/principles

center of gravity 13

downhill force 10

friction 12

momentum 6

motion 5

pitch of slope 7

traction 11-12

understanding 4

weight 5

Unlocked breaks, dangers 38

Utilities

on public property 92-93

planning around 107

questions 101-105

underground 89-100

Valves, opening/closing 42-43

Variable forces 4-5

Vertical line (center of gravity) 16

Vertical slopes 9

Very close to level 8

Vibrations, affect on shoring 62

Vibrator, compaction 175

Warm-up, engine 79

Water dipping 47

locating utilities 95

Water removal, soil compaction 171

Wear, checking for 77

Weather conditions, shoring requirements 62

Weight

defined 5

distribution 160

distribution, TLB 2-5

working 4, 5

Weight distribution 13

accident prevention 60

Weight of materials, affect on center of gravity 20

Weight transfer and center of gravity 16

Weight, using to grade 166

Wheels off ground, front 39

Width, TLB 2

Work area, preparing 145-146

Work motion cycle 6

Worker safety, general rules 55-56

Working range

backhoe 258

dipperstick 184-186

detecting utilities 96

Working weight, TLB 4, 5

XYZ

Zone, tolerance 91

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Loader-Backhoe Training

An overview of ETR's Tractor-Loader-Backhoe training materials

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An overview of ETR's Tractor-Loader-Backhoe
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